@article{nokey,

title = {Retrospektive Studie zur Einflussnahme des Tragens von Orthokeratologielinsen auf objektive Tränenfilmparameter},

author = {Sarah Lea Nielsen and Sylvia Wulf and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

doi = { 10.54352/dozv.HVFW8584},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-06-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 6(2):68-75},

abstract = {Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of orthokeratology lenses on objective tear film parameters in adults over a six-month period. Material and Methods. This retrospective, single-center, unblinded and longitudinal study included 33 participants: 19 females, 14 males, mean age 27.9 ± 5.7 years, with mild to moderate myopia and astigmatism of up to −1.50 D. Measurements were conducted using a multifunctional topographer (Keratograph 5M, Oculus), assessing non-invasive break-up-time (NIKBUT), non-invasive tear meniscus high (NIKTMH) and bulbar redness. Data collection occurred at baseline (BL), 1 month (M1), 3 months (M3) and 6 months (M6). Results. Of the 33 enrolled subjects, 28 had complete datasets available at the 6-month endpoint. The median NIKBUT decreased from 17.02 seconds at baseline (BL) to 12.63 seconds, reaching a minimum of 10.26 seconds at 3 months (M3). At the final examination (M6), the NIKBUT remained low at 10.67 seconds. The Friedman-test demonstrated a statistically significant overall effect (p = 0.021), however, pairwise post hoc comparisons after Bonferroni correction demonstrated no significant differences between individual time points (p > 0.05). There were no differences between genders. The NIKTMH had a median value of 0.25 mm at baseline (BL) and did not change statistically significant over the course of the study (p = 0.183), neither in the overall sample nor between genders. Similarly, degree of bulbar redness also demonstrated no statistically significant change throughout the study period (p = 0.493). Although a statistically significant gender difference was noted (p < 0.05), it was deemed clinically irrelevant. Conclusion. These findings suggest that orthokeratology lens wear over six-month duration has minimal impact on objectively measured tear film parameters in adults.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Bewertung der Hydrophilie von Silikon-Hydrogelen mit Sudan IV},

author = {Sandra Schurig and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Stanislav Baluschev},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.SFGU2461},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-10-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 5(9):291-300},

abstract = {Purpose: The aim of the study was to visualise hydrophobic areas of silicone hydrogels on the surface and in the bulk (core material) using a saturated solution of Sudan IV. In addition, the influence of the all-in-one solution Opti-Free Puremoist (MPS) and an artificial tear solution (ATS) on the hydrophobic areas was investigated. Material and Methods: Within the scope of the study, two target values of the silicone hydrogels Balafilcon A, Balafilcon A (2), Samfilcon A, Comfilcon A and Fanfilcon A were compared with the hydrogel material Ocufilcon D in vitro. The absorption coefficient was determined using a spectrometer (Spectro 100, Fa. Instrument Systems), while the total percentage staining was analysed graphically using the ImageJ software. The variation in the staining time enabled a differentiated staining of the hydrophobic areas on the surface (30 min) and in the core material (16 h). Results: Superficially, the silicone hydrogels exhibited comparable hydrophilic properties to the hydrogel. In the core material, however, statistically significantly more hydrophobic areas could be stained. MPS was able to effectively reduce the hydrophobic areas of monthly disposable contact lenses previously inserted in ATS. The following values for total staining and absorption coefficient were obtained for exposure with ATS: Ocufilcon D (0.0 % // 0.049), Balafilcon A (42.2 % // 0.0215), Balafilcon A (2) (25.0 % // 0.102), Comfilcon A (27.4 % // 0.151), Samfilcon A (15.2 % // 0.083) and Fanfilcon A (28.2 % // 0.131). After the examination sequence with ATS-MPS, the following measurement data were determined: Ocufilcon D (0.0 % // 0.028) Balafilcon A (17.2 % // 0.107), Balafilcon A (2) (6.8 % // 0.047), Comfilcon A (6.4 % // 0.075) Samfilcon A (8.6 % // 0.077) and Fanfilcon A (4.0 % // 0.064). The reduction was statistically significant for all materials, with the exception of Samfilcon A (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of Sudan IV made it possible to Colour specific hydrophobic areas. Specific differences for different materials had been identified.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Evaluation of Perception of Photic Phenomena Through Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lens Designs by Its Virtual Implantation},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Joaquín Fernández and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Mario Gerlach and Steve Schallhorn},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/395380697_Evaluation_of_Perception_of_Photic_Phenomena_Through_Diffractive_Multifocal_Intraocular_Lens_Designs_by_Its_Virtual_Implantation},

doi = {10.3928/1081597X-20250707-01},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Journal of Refractive Surgery 41(9):e968-e974},

abstract = {Purpose To analyze the difference in objective and subjective photic phenomena following virtual implantation of three different presbyopia-correcting diffractive intraocular lens (IOL) designs. Methods The study was conducted at JENVIS Research Germany. A prospective cross-over and double-masked trial design was used. Seventy-four healthy individuals without cataract (age: 18 to 50 years) were enrolled. All participants assessed photic phenomena with three diffractive IOL designs by virtual implantation using the VirtIOL device (10Lens S.L.U), which allows participants to view through the IOL imaged at the iris plane as if it were implanted: IOL A (Tecnis Synergy ZFR00V; J&J Vision), IOL B (AcrySof IQ PanOptix TFNT00; Alcon Laboratories, Inc), and IOL C (AT ELANA 841P; Carl Zeiss Meditec). The size of the starburst and annular light pattern was measured in degrees, and participants were asked about their preference in terms of quality of night vision when comparing by pairs the IOLs. Results The starburst pattern size was significantly larger with IOL A (5.54 ± 0.62º) compared to the IOLs B (3.82 ± 0.90º, P < .001) and C (3.65 ± 0.57º, P < .001). However, there were no significant differences between IOLs B and C (P = .078). Regarding the induced annular light pattern, no significant differences were found between IOLs (P > .05). In a pairwise short-term comparison of the IOLs using a simulated night scene with a glare source, participant preference was in favor of IOL C (P < .001). Conclusions IOL A had objectively a significantly larger starburst pattern than the other two. In a short-term comparison, the new trifocal IOL C was significantly preferred in a night driving scene.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Einfluss von Kochsalzlösungen auf weiche Kontaktlinsen},

author = {Lukas Sempf and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Sebastian Marx and Sebastian Schubert},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.QFMZ4542},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-06-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses Optometry & Contact Lenses DOZ-Verlag Optische Fachveroffentlichung GmbH Unclaimed - available View journal   5(6):190-197},

abstract = {Purpose: The aim was to analyze the pH value and refractive index of various saline solutions and tap water. Additionally, the study examined their impact on the design parameters base curve (BC), diameter (DIA) and central thickness (CT) of soft contact lenses. Material and Methods: pH values and refractive indices were measured using a pH-meter and refractometer. The design parameters of n = 15 lenses per material group were assessed via OCT: immediately after removal from the blister solution, after 24 hours of storage in a self-prepared saline solution and after an additional 24 hours in one of four commercial solutions or tap water. Results: Commercial saline solutions showed minor differences in pH (± 0.622) and refractive index (± 0.0008). The Oté Pharma Sol B.V. solution had the lowest pH (6.477). The greatest changes occurred in Etafilcon A (Material Group 4) in the Bausch + Lomb solution, with increased DIA by 0.753 ± 0.03 mm and BC by 0.495 ± 0.08 mm. In tap water the DIA increased by 1.465 ± 0.035 mm and the BC by 1.091 ± 0.87 mm. Other materials (Polymacon, Nefilcon A, Balafilcon A, Lotrafilcon B, Somofilcon A) remained within the ISO tolerance limits (± 0.2 mm). Conclusion: The study reveals variations in pH values and corresponding changes in DIA and BC, particularly in material group 4 with the Bausch + Lomb solution and tap water. An influence of the pH value is suspected, but further investigations are required.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Retrospektive Datenanalyse des 10-Jahres-Effekts von Ortho-K-Linsen auf die Entwicklung der Myopie bei kaukasischen Kindern und Jugendlichen -},

author = {Laura Hanenberg and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Claudio Becker},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.IQSI2224},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-04-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 5(4):128-133},

abstract = {Purpose. International studies describe a slowing of myopia progression by fitting orthokeratology contact lenses (OKL) between 36 % and 60 %. The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effectiveness of fitting OKL for myopia prophylaxis in caucasian children and adolescents over a period of 10 years. Material and Methods. A retrospective analysis of myopic, caucasian children and adolescents who were fitted with OKL in a German contact lens institute from 2012 to 2022 was performed. The selection was randomized from 3012 OKL fittings that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Files of 30 children and adolescents, aged between 10 and 17 years, who were fitted with OKL over a period of 10 years were selected and analysed. Results. The analyzed test group consisting of 11 male and 19 female subjects had an average age of 12.3 ± 1.53 years at the beginning of the fitting. Over a period of 10 years, there was an average change in the spherical equivalent of myopia of −0.39 ± 0.19 D for the right eye and −0.54 ± 0.22 D for the left eye. The eyes were compared with literature reference values and showed an age-adequate emmetropisation of 0.42 D (p > 0.05) over the 10-year period. Visual acuity remained constant over the entire period (p > 0.05). Conclusion. This study showed that OKL could reduce the progression of myopia to the physiological emmetropisation value in caucasian children and adolescents aged 10-17 years from Germany over a period of 10 years.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Scheitelbrechwertprofile weicher rotationssymmetrischer Kontaktlinsen in Abhängigkeit des Aperturdurchmessers},

author = {Jessica Kemper and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Sebastian Schubert},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.GSSS2628},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-04-01},

urldate = {2025-04-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 5(4):118-127},

abstract = {Purpose. The aim of the study was to measure and to compare the power profiles of market-leading single vision and multifocal soft contact lenses. Material and Methods. A high-resolution instrument based on the phase-shifting schlieren method (NIMO TR1504, Lambda-X, Belgium) was used to measure the optical power distribution of single vision and multifocal contact lenses with −3.00 D, −6.00 D, −9.00 D and +3.00 D. The optical power of the single vision lenses was measured at six different aperture diameters ranging from 2.0 mm to 7.0 mm in steps of 1.0 mm. Each multifocal design was measured with an aperture of 7.0 mm. A total of 200 contact lenses was measured, five lenses per power and type. Results. All single vision contact lenses with negative back vertex power showed a negative increase in lens power with increased distance from centre. The changes in power between the central and peripheral aperture were statistically and clinically significant for every negative refractive power and type (p < 0.05). Etafilcon A showed the highest negative increase with greater apertures with values up to 1.19 ± 0.04 D. Lotrafilcon A showed overall the least deviation with maximum values of 0.61 ± 0.05 D. Each type of multifocal contact lens exhibited different power profiles. The profiles were very consistent across all negative back vertex powers. Conclusion. As expected, the negative single vision contact lenses exhibited an increase in lens power towards the periphery due to spherical aberration. Greater aberration resulted in a higher negative deviation. The analysis of power profiles of multifocal lenses provides valuable information for fitting lenses for presbyopes considering their pupil size.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Sehen im Sport - Mehr als 100% Sehschärfe?},

author = {Wolfgang Sickenberger and Sebastian Marx},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391111300_Sehen_im_Sport_-_Mehr_als_100_Sehscharfe#fullTextFileContent},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-04-01},

abstract = {Das Sehen ist zweifelsfrei das wichtigste Sinnesorgan für die Ausübung der meisten Sportarten. Je nach Sportart haben Athleten verschiedene Aufgaben zu bewältigen, bei denen sehr gute visuelle Fähigkeiten Vorteile bei der Sportausübung mit sich bringen. Beispielsweise bei der Orientierung und Wahrnehmung im Raum, dem Gleichgewicht, der Kontrolle der Eigenbewegung oder dem Beobachten und Abschätzen des gegnerischen Verhaltens ist die visuelle Wahrnehmung ausschlaggebend. Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit folgenden Fragestellungen: Was bedeutet eigentlich 100% Sehschärfe? Wie sollten die sportartspezifischen Sehanforderungen gemessen und bei Defiziten korrigiert oder gar trainiert werden?},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Veränderungen der Augengesundheit in den Wechseljahren FRAUENARZT 2025},

author = {Laura Hanenberg and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

editor = {Laura Hanenberg and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390122384_Veranderungen_der_Augengesundheit_in_den_Wechseljahren_FRAUENARZT_2025#fullTextFileContent},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-03-01},

abstract = {Die Wechseljahre sind eine Le-bensphase, in der der weibliche Kör-per tiefgreifende hormonelle Verän-derungen durchläuft. Diese Umstel-lung bringt nicht nur klassische Symptome wie Hitzewallungen und Stimmungsschwankungen mit sich, sondern kann auch die Augengesund-heit erheblich beeinträchtigen (1). Dennoch bleibt dieser Aspekt häufig unbeachtet. Augenbeschwerden, wie das trockene Auge oder eine erhöhte Anfälligkeit für bestimmte Augener-krankungen, werden in ihrer Bedeu-tung oft unterschätzt, obwohl sie die Lebensqualität erheblich mindern können. Eine genauere Betrachtung dieser Thematik ist daher von hoher klinischer Relevanz, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Anwendung von Hor-monersatztherapien (HRT) zur Linde-rung der menopausalen Beschwerden. Der vorliegende Artikel basiert auf einer Bachelorarbeit, in der eine umfassende Literaturrecherche durchgeführt wurde. Die Arbeit setzt sich mit den spezifi-schen Veränderungen des Auges bei Frauen in den Wechseljahren und dem Einfluss hormoneller Schwankungen auf die Augengesundheit auseinander. Wäh-rend dieser Phase erleben Frauen häufig hormonelle Veränderungen und erhalten gegebenenfalls eine hormonelle Thera-pie, die verschiedene Auswirkungen auf die Augen haben kann-darunter das Syndrom des trockenen Auges sowie an-dere Augenerkrankungen. Ziel der Arbeit war es, diese Veränderungen zu analysie-ren und ihre Bedeutung für die Augenge-sundheit umfassend darzustellen. Da die hormonelle Umstellungsphase oft mit übersehenen, jedoch potenziell schwer-wiegenden Folgen für die Augen einher-geht, sollte die Arbeit dazu beitragen, das Bewusstsein für diese Thematik zu schärfen. Ein vertieftes Verständnis der Interaktion zwischen Hormonen und Au-genstrukturen kann wertvolle Erkennt-nisse für die medizinische Praxis liefern und den biologischen Prozess dieser Ver-änderungen besser erfassen. In der systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden Studien zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen hormoneller Veränderun-gen auf die Augengesundheit während der Wechseljahre analysiert. Hierbei wur-den Datenbanken wie PubMed und Goo-gle Scholar genutzt, um relevante Studi-en zu identifizieren. Die Suche erfolgte mit spezifischen Schlagworten, die das Thema abdeckten. Nachfolgend wurden die gefundenen Quellen anhand der Kri-terien Relevanz, Aktualität und wissen-schaftliche Qualität bewertet. Nur Studi-en und Artikel, die unmittelbare Rele-vanz zum Thema aufwiesen, wurden in die Analyse einbezogen. Quellen, die den Ansprüchen an wissenschaftliche In-tegrität und thematische Bedeutung nicht genügten, wurden ausgeschlossen. Die verbleibenden Studien wurden einge-hend analysiert, und die relevanten In-formationen wurden systematisch er-fasst, dokumentiert und in den Kontext der Zielsetzung der Arbeit integriert.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Hormonelle Veränderungen in den Wechseljahren - Auswirkungen auf die Augengesundheit bei Frauen},

author = {Anika Haustein and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Laura Hanenberg},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390122481_Hormonelle_Veranderungen_in_den_Wechseljahren_-_Auswirkungen_auf_die_Augengesundheit_bei_Frauen#fullTextFileContent},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-03-01},

abstract = {Die Autoren widmen sich in diesem Beitrag der Thematik „Veränderungen am Auge durch hormonelle Umstellungen bei Frauen während der Wechseljahre“. Im Rahmen ihrer Bachelorarbeit hat Anika Haustein, B.Sc. dieses Thema bereits ausführlich untersucht. Hierbei wurde eine umfassende Literaturrecherche durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen hormoneller Veränderungen auf die Augengesundheit in den Wechseljahren zu beleuchten. Dabei stützte Haustein sich auf wissenschaftliche Quellen, die über Datenbanken wie PubMed und Google Scholar recherchiert und nach Kriterien wie Aktualität, wissenschaftlicher Qualität und Relevanz systematisch ausgewertet wurden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse flossen in die zielgerichtete Analyse und Dokumentation der Arbeit ein. Die Wechseljahre sind nicht nur ein hormoneller Übergang, sondern haben auch erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Augengesundheit (Lackinger Karger 2009). Es ist wichtig, die spezifischen Augenprobleme, die mit den hormonellen Veränderungen in dieser Phase einhergehen, zu verstehen und zu erkennen. In diesem Beitrag wird beschrieben, welche Augenprobleme durch die hormonellen Umstellungen in den Wechseljahren auftreten können und wie Hormonersatztherapien (HET) in diesem Zusammenhang eine Rolle spielen.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {The Ability of a Virtual Implantation Device to Evaluate Two Intraocular Lens Designs},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Oliver Kolbe and Mario Gerlach and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Steve Schallhorn},

doi = {10.3928/1081597X-20240923-01},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-12-01},

urldate = {2024-12-01},

journal = {Journal of Refractive Surgery 40(12):e911-e915},

abstract = {Purpose To evaluate the ability of a novel device using virtual implantation to compare the visual performance of two different types of intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods In this prospective, masked, and randomized clinical trial, the visual performance of monofocal and lowadd bifocal IOLs was compared using a device for virtual implantation called VirtIOL. Eighty patients (< 50 years old with healthy eyes and without cataract) were enrolled in this study. Defocus curve and contrast sensitivity were measured using the Freiburg Vision and Contrast Test (FrACT). Results Expected defocus curves for the monofocal IOL and the bifocal IOL confirm the utility of the method. The monofocal IOL provided a slightly higher mean visual acuity at 0.00 diopter (D) (mean ± standard deviation: −0.18 ± 0.07 D) compared to the bifocal IOL (−0.16 ± 0.08 D), but also a slightly lower visual acuity from −1.25 to −4.00 D. The mean contrast sensitivity was significantly higher for the monofocal IOL at 7, 11, and 15 cycles per degree. The investigators attest a high usability of the method due to simple communication with the test patient and quick and uncomplicated change of test objects. Conclusions The visual performance of the monofocal and bifocal IOLs was as expected, with greater depth of focus but reduced contrast sensitivity for the bifocal IOL. The VirtIOL device represents a promising tool to predict the visual performance of IOLs before implantation in patients. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(12):e911–e915.]},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Retrospektive Studie zur Validierung & Entwicklung einer objektiven Beurteilung des konjunktivalen Rötungsgrades mittels Videotopographen},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.EXAQ8925},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-12-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 5(1):4-11},

abstract = {Purpose. The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate and validate the objective determination of bulbar, limbal and total conjunctival redness with the K5M video topographer (Oculus, Germany), the measurement software (R-Scan) and the JENVIS grading scale in comparison to subjectively recorded redness levels. Material and Methods. The conjunctival redness level was documented three consecutive times in a total of 75 subjects (150 eyes). The average age was 33.9 ± 15.7 years. The survey took place at the Centre for Contact Lens Research Waterloo, Canada and at the Helios hospital Erfurt, Germany. From the survey, 25 images were selected and entered into a website for subjective grading. On the website, the images were presented in a randomized order six times (3× limbal & 3× bulbar redness), so that each of the 20 investigators graded a total of 150 images. The reference images of the redness grades were based on the JENVIS grading scale. The subjective results were compared using the five analyzed grades with the objective findings by the R-Scan of the K5M. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results. With regard to the images obtained using the software, the mean grade of findings was 1.3 ± 0.3, with 24 % of the results being assessed as grade 0, 48 % as grade 1, 14 % as grade 2 and grade 3. The subjective findings resulted in a mean grade of 1.5 ± 0.3. 17 % were assessed as grade 0, 45 % as grade 1, 19 % as grade 2 and 5 % as grade 3. The results of the subjective and objective classification of temporal and nasal bulbar redness are not statistically different. In contrast, the results of temporal and nasal limbal redness are statistically different, with the subjective findings within grade 1 being statistically significantly higher than those of the objective findings. The mean dispersion of the objective classifications is 11 %, that of the subjective 31 %. Conclusion. The software (R-Scan, K5M) primarily evaluates the number and redness of the conjunctival vessels, whereas the subjective evaluation is based on the overall redness of the eye as perceived by the examiner. As the degree of severity increases, the spread of the results increases with objective classification, but decreases with subjective classification, with the latter showing an almost 3-times greater spread on average. This means that automated conjunctival classifications are more accurate than subjective classifications for lower degrees of severity and comparable for higher degrees of severity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Literaturrecherche und Methodenbewertung zur Oberflächenreibung von weichen Kontaktlinsen},

author = {Nele Förster and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Sebastian Marx},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.XHTF5402},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 4(9):324-331},

abstract = {Purpose. Numerous reports have hypothesised that there is a strong correlation between the contact lens (CL) comfort and its on-eye friction. Hence many methods had been developed, to measure coefficients of friction (CoF) of soft CL. The aim of this work is the review, evaluation and discussion of these methods. Material and Methods. From the relevant literature, 15 methods published between 1995 and 2021 have been chosen based on their frequency of citation or because of their new or unusual approach. The evaluation focuses on the requirement that the method should closely mimic the CL on-eye situation. Moreover, it has been examined if these methods produce comparable results. Results. None of the methods meet the requirements in every aspect and many show large differences in the used techniques. That includes the often used tribometer, a rheometer, a pendulum, an inclined glass plate and fingers. Moreover, it has been shown that the methods create a wide range of CoFs. For example, the material nelfilcon A, measured by five different methods, show values between 0.013 and 0.474. That is a difference of 0.461. On the other side, for narafilcon A the difference between CoFs is only 0.143. Conclusion. To ensure that results from CoF measurements are valid and comparable between and within studies, a standardised method needs to be defined or developed. Choosing methods and parameters that simulate on-eye conditions would be beneficial in predicting wearing comfort and the effect of lubricating eyedrops. Thus, a more suitable method must be developed in the future.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Objektive Vermessung von Intraokularlinsen durch das VirtIOL Instrument},

author = {Lena Petzold and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.TXEP9208},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 4(6):223-229},

abstract = {Purpose. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the resolution of three different intraocular lenses using the VirtIOL device. The secondary objective was to determine the contrast achieved by these lenses. Material and Methods. An in-vitro assessment of three intraocular lenses (including a single vision IOL, a trifocal IOL and an EDOF IOL) was performed using the VirtIOL device. The key feature of this apparatus is a table-mounted device that allows the user to look through an IOL along the optical axis at a target at any distance. An industrial camera “UI-3040CP-C-HQ Rev.2 (AB02491)” (Co. Navitar, USA) was mounted on the chin rest of the VirtIOL. The USAF 1951 test chart was presented at the following distances: 6 m, 1 m and 0.4 m. The IOLs were each mounted in a model eye. The resolution capability, expressed as line pair per mm [lp/mm] and contrast values were measured under photopic conditions at a system aperture of 3 mm. The measurement of the contrast values was repeated ten times with each lens at each distance. Results. All IOLs (monofocal/trifocal/EDOF) achieved a resolution of 0.445 lp/mm at a distance of 6 m, as well as 1.00 / 2.82 / 2.52 lp/mm at 1 m. The measurement of resolution at the distance of 0.4 m resulted in 1.00 / 3.56 / 1.12 lp/mm. At various test distances, the following mean contrast values and standard deviations were obtained: 236 ± 8.1 / 115 ± 2.5 / 123 ± 3.9 (p < 0.001) at 6 m, 96 ± 0.8 / 75 ± 0.7 / 81 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001) at 1 m and 36 ± 0/ 42 ± 0.7 / 36 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001) at 0.4 m. Conclusion. The VirtIOL device in combination with the measuring camera used provides a basis for objective measurements of IOLs. The resolution capability of the three IOLs increases with decreasing distance, whereas the contrast values decrease. This study confirms the usefulness of the setup and provides a basis for further evaluations of intraocular lenses with the VirtIOL device. Keywords intraocular lenses, VirtIOL, virtual implantation, resolution capability, contrast},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Temperature-dependent measurement of soft contact lens parameters},

author = {Sandra Schurig and Lucas Armster and Eric Steingruber and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377435231_Temperature-dependent_measurement_of_soft_contact_lens_parameters},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.DKOR3596},

issn = {2751-4641},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-02},

urldate = {2024-01-02},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses},

volume = {4},

issue = {1},

pages = {20 - 27},

abstract = {Purpose. The study objective was to measure the temperature dependent change in the refractive index, base curve, and back vertex power of soft contact lenses. 



Material and Methods. For each material group according to ISO 18369-1 a representative soft contact lens brand was selected (polymacon, nelfilcon A, ocufilcon D, balafilcon A, somofilcon A, lotrafilcon B). The parameters were measured in vitro at 20 °C and 35 °C. First, the refractive index was determined using the automatic refractometer (VariRef C, Schmidt + Haensch), followed by the base curve measurement using the OCT (is830, Optimec) in conjunction with the temperature controller (TC20i, Opitmec). The back vertex power difference was determined using the precision lens meter (NIMO TR1504, Lambda-X SA). 



Results. The following values (refractive index 20 °C // re-fractive index 35 °C; base curve 20 °C // base curve 35 °C; Δ back vertex power from 20 °C to 35 °C) were obtained for the hydrogels polymacon (1.4464 // 1.4430; 8.4706 // 8.4240; −0.077 D), nelfilcon A (1.3875 // 1.3870; 8.7854 // 8.5817; −0.022 D), ocufilcon D (1.4198 // 1.4171; 8.5622 // 8.4647; −0.076 D) and the silicone hydrogels balafilcon A (1.4197 // 1.4196; 8.7205 // 8.8287; −0.016 D), somofilcon A (1.4024 // 1.4004; 8.9100 // 8.6800; −0.076 D), lotrafilcon B (1.4246 // 1.4212; 8.6791 // 8.5801; −0.091 D). All materials except balafil-con A showed a statistically significant change (p < 0.05 paired samples), related to at least two of the measured parameters. 



Conclusion. The materials showed a reduction in refractive index and base curve with temperature increase. The back vertex power became more negative. The changes are within the tolerances specified in ISO 18369-2. Since no clinically relevant parameter changes were observed between the different temperatures, it is acceptable to continue the current practice and measure lens parameters at room temperature.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Methods of visuomotor training for athletes/competitive athletes},

author = {Jennifer Müller and Oliver Kolbe and Kathleen Kunert and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376190927_Methods_of_visuomotor_training_for_athletescompetitive_athletes#fullTextFileContent},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.DDPY7368},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-11-01},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses 3(10)},

abstract = {Purpose: Training methods to improve the performance of the visual system are repeatedly described in the popular media. This review article focuses on the scientific aspect of this subject, presenting and discussing studies and techniques for enhancing visual and visuomotor performance in high-performance athletes. Material and Methods: To conduct the literature review on visual performance enhancement, relevant scientific databases, specialized articles, and academic books from fields such as sports science, optometry, medicine, and partially technical disciplines were comprehensively searched. Results: By evaluating scientific studies from 1953 to the present day, suitable devices for training methods to enhance visual performance were identified. The review also considers various visual tasks, such as anticipation training, as well as coordination exercises targeting eye-hand coordination and reaction time. Conclusion: While some studies did not provide conclusive evidence for the effectiveness of specific sports vision training, other research demonstrated positive effects on specific aspects of the visual system. Devices like Fitlight, twall, and shutter glasses offer the potential to train different visual and visuomotor domains.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Change in objective bulbar redness and symptoms after refit of weekly and monthly lenses into a water-gradient daily disposable lens material},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Katharina Keller and Stefan Schwarz and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

doi = {10.54352/dozv.IYGE3587},

issn = {2748-8217},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-07-03},

journal = {Optometry & Contact Lenses},

volume = {3},

issue = {6},

pages = {196-206},

abstract = {Abstract

Purpose. The purpose of this pilot study is to identify if fine graduated differences in objective redness of the eye exist in a cohort of non-symptomatic contact lens wearers. The primary objective is the evaluation of change in bulbar redness when a non-symptomatic, 2-4 week contact lens wearer, is refitted to a Delefilcon A lens material. Secondary objectives include the determination of limbal redness, corneal and bulbar staining, and wearing comfort.



Material and Methods. 52 habitual, asymptomatic, full time soft contact lens wearers were enrolled in a multicenter study. At the baseline visit, bulbar and limbal redness were measured objectively using the Redness-Scan of the Keratograph 5M (K5M). Habitual lenses, lens care type, comfort ratings and staining data were captured at baseline visit. A wash out phase of 6 ± 1 days was conducted in which the subjects did not wear any lenses before Delefilcon A lenses were dispensed at visit 2 (V2) for a wearing period of 26 ± 5 days. A follow up visit was planned after 6 ± 1 days from V2 and a final visit

after additional 20 ± 4 days. During visits 2, 3 and 4, the same objective measurements were carried out and corresponding subjective data was captured. ANOVA, t-test for paired samples, homogeneity test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for the statistical analyses.



Results. A total number of 49 complete data sets were successfully evaluated. Objectively measured bulbar redness decreased by 0.121 (p = 0.003) from the baseline compared to the final visit. In the same period, limbal redness reduced by 0.151 (p = 0.000). In addition, an increase from 36 at baseline to 47 at V4 grade 0 ratings regarding corneal staining, and from 32 to 39 regarding bulbar staining was found, respectively. The averaged comfort rating with habitual lenses was 79.7 ± 16.6 compared to the final visit 89.0 ± 10.8. 



Conclusion. In the context of classic subjective grading habits which use fully grades in 1.0 steps, the objective Redness-Scan was able to detect finely graduated differences in the cohort of non-symptomatic wearers. The daily disposable test product delivers benefits to wearers in the form of reduced bulbar and limbal redness, reduced corneal and bulbar staining, and statistically and clinically increased contact lens wearing comfort.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Solution-related in Vitro Dewetting Behavior of Various Daily Disposable Contact Lenses},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Stanislav Baluschev and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

doi = {10.1097/OPX.0000000000001939},

issn = {1538-9235},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-10-03},

urldate = {2022-10-03},

journal = {Optometry and Vision Science},

volume = {99},

issue = {10},

pages = {1-8},

abstract = {SIGNIFICANCE: The dewetting process of contact lenses (CLs) is a result ofmaterial and solution properties as well

as environmental factors. This article describes an investigational approach to observe and describe dewetting

characteristics of different CL material and solution combinations.



PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the in vitro dewetting characteristics of various daily disposable CLs that

were assessed using a noninvasive keratograph dewetting procedure (noninvasive keratograph dry-up time). In vitro

dewetting data of the same CL materials soaked in saline solution and artificial tear solution (ATS) were measured

to determine additional dewetting characteristics.

METHODS: Noninvasive keratograph dry-up time was measured for six different soft CLmaterials and three different

test conditions, in their specific blister solution, after exposure to saline and an ATS. Twenty CLs of each

solution/material combination were assessed after an 8-hour soaking, during a 180-second dewetting observation,

and the results were expressed by area under the curve values.



RESULTS: Fastest dewetting occurred for all materials when measured out of saline, indicated by the highest averaged

area under the curve value of 9243.3 ± 38.3 over all lens materials. Slower dewetting was detected for all

materials when measured out of their specific blister solution (7755.9 ± 37.1) and out of ATS (7988.8 ± 40.0).

Intragroup results were statistically significantly different for all solutions showing the smallest differences within

the ATS group (P < .001, Kruskal-Wallis test).



CONCLUSIONS: A pure saline thin film is not an ideal representation of a complex tear film layer of a healthy human

because it lacks any evaporative protection by a lipid layer. The use of an ATS, which more likely mimics the

natural tear film, allowed in this experimental in vitro project to decrease the gap to the in vivo field. In vitro

dewetting information in connection with the blister solution allows only a theoretical conclusion about the initial

lens wear after lens insertion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marx2022b,

title = {Effect of phospholipid-containing eye drops on the dewetting behaviour of soft contact lenses},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Stanislav Baluschev and Wolfgang Sickenberger },

doi = {doi.org/10.54352/dozv.ILCA8295},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-05-30},

urldate = {2022-05-30},

journal = {Optometry and Contact Lenses},

issue = {1},

pages = {133-140},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: The primary objective of the study was to determine differences between in vitro surface de-wetting of soft contact lens (SCL) materials out of saline solution, before and after treatment with phospholipid containing rewetting drops.



Method and Materials: Fifteen lenses of different SCL material classes according to ISO18369 were tested (polymacon, nelfilcon A,

ocufilcon D, balafilcon A, somofilcon A, lotrafilcon B). The lenses were rinsed and stored in saline solution to minimize the effect of the original blister solution. A de-wetting video was captured for every lens using the Keratograph 5M. Afterwards all lenses were soaked in phospholipid containing rewetting solution for 25 hours. The lenses were gently agitated by an orbital shaker with a frequency 0.25 Hz, tilting up to 15°. After treatment, all lenses were equilibrated again in saline solution for at least 30 minutes. De-wetting videos were captured again. In vitro “Non-Invasive Keratograph Dry Up Time“ (NIK-DUT) was assessed for a measurement time of 180 s. The results were expressed by the Area under Curve (AUC) as well as clinical relevant time point to reach 4.82 mm de-wetting.



Results: The AUC results before and after treatment with phospholipid containing rewetting solution were: polymacon 4870.9 ± 942.7 and 6214.1 ± 932.1, nelfilcon A 4688.0 ± 1065.1 and 6959.8 ± 1081.8, ocufilcon D 3612.6 ± 875.5 and 7042.0 ± 714.3, balafilcon A 4170.4 ± 927.2 and 7385.6 ± 879.8, somofilcon A 4284.50 ± 833.8 and 6762.2 ± 1380.2 and lotrafilcon B, comfilcon A 4973.3 ± 1249.3 and 7415.7 ± 994.8. All differences were statistically significant at a significance level of 0.05 with P<0.001 (Wilcoxon rank sum test). The mean time to reach 4.82 mm2 de-wetting was 19 s.



Conclusions: The used phospholipid containing solution did interact with all soft contact lens materials and lead to accelerated in vitro de-wetting. As the de-wetting area of 4.82 mm is reached after a typical interblink period for contact lens wearers during attentional visual tasks, it is unlikely to expect a drop of the visual acuity by one log line.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kaymak2022,

title = {Vision tests on spectacle lenses and contact lenses for optical myopia correction: a pilot study},

author = {Hakan Kaymak and Kai Neller and Saskia Schütz and Birte Graff and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Achim Langenbucher and Berthold Seitz and Hartmut Schwahn},

doi = {10.1136/bmjophth-2022-000971 },

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-04-05},

urldate = {2022-04-05},

journal = {BMJ Open Ophthalmology},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: Visual performance and short-term tolerability of different designs of myopia correcting options, including therapeutically relevant bifocal contact lenses (CL) and spectacle lenses with ‘defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS)’ technology were compared. 



Methods: In myopic volunteering subjects (n=8; spherical equivalent range: −1 to −7 D) visual acuity (VA) using Landolt C and contrast sensitivity (CS) using contrast C were assessed at three different gaze positions (−22° nasal, +22° temporal and 0° central), corresponding to a gaze through the DIMS area or the clear area of the DIMS lens design, respectively, after short-term wear of each of single vision spectacle lenses (SV), DIMS spectacle lenses (DIMS), monofocal soft CL and centre-near multifocal soft CL (MCL). Also, CS was assessed under photopic and mesopic light conditions with and without glare using sinusoidal gratings at 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd. 



Results: Mean VA (Landolt C) was −0.12 to –0.10, −0.05 and 0.10 logMAR (SV, DIMS, CL, MCL) at central gaze (0°). At nasal gaze (−22°), VA differed by 0.12, 0.33, 0.05 and 0.01, and at temporal gaze (+22°) by 0.05, 0.26, 0 and −0.08 compared with central gaze values. Mean CS (Contrast C) was 1.74, 1.73, 1.69 and 1.61 logCS (SV, DIMS, CL, MCL) at central gaze at nasal gaze, CS differed by −0.02 to –0.13, −0.01 and −0.01, and at temporal gaze by −0.02 to –0.16, −0.01 and +0.06 compared with central gaze values.



Conclusion: When compared with SV, MCL leads to a general decrease in VA and CS, while DIMS did not differ from SV at straight gaze (0° gaze). With DIMS, VA and CS are decreased to a similar level as with the MCL, but only at nasal and temporal gaze.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Morphological Characteristics of Meibomian Glands and their Influence on Dry Eye Disease in contact lens wearers},

author = {Anke von Ahrenschildt and Laura Hanenberg and Matthew L. Robich and Lisa A. Jones-Jordan and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Daniel R. Powell and Justin T. Kwan and Stephanie Wong and Sruthi Srinivasan and Lyndon Jones and Andrew D. Pucker },

doi = { 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.01.002},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-04-01},

urldate = {2022-04-01},

journal = {The Ocular Surface},

issue = {24},

pages = {93-99},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: Meibomian glands (MG) are now easily imaged via clinical meibography machines. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the utility of the known MG morphology metrics for predicting dry eye disease (DED).  



Methods: Successful and past contact lens wearers were recruited. DED was diagnosed if the participant’s worst eye had a positive tear meniscus height (TMH) (<0.2 mm) test or non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) (<10 s) and a Standardized Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) score >5.0. Meibography was performed and images were subjectively graded by two examiners for the following MG characteristics: distorted, tortuous, hooked, abnormal gap, overlapping, fluffy areas, tadpoling, thinned, thickened, ghost, no extension to lid margin, shortened and dropout (atrophy). DED diagnostic ability of each metric was determined with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. 

Results: A total of 112 participants were recruited with 18.8% of them having DED and 60.7% of them being female. The only MG morphology metrics that were marginally predictive of DED were thickened upper eyelid MGs (p = 0.046), thickened mean upper plus lower eyelid MGs (p = 0.007), and atrophy of (total number) upper eyelid MGs (p = 0.043); however, none of these metrics reached a meaningful area under the curve in ROC analysis (all < 0.70).  



Conclusion: While abnormal MG morphology is likely suggestive of DED, none of the MG morphology metrics evaluated alone in this study had clinically meaningful predictive value for detecting DED in this group of current and past contact lens wearers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Jäger2022,

title = {MGD Treatment using Intense Pulsed Light and Low Level Light Therapy},

author = {Claudio Jäger and Sebastian Marx and Julia Eckstein and Wolfgang Sickenberger },

doi = {doi.org/10.54352/dozv.VAGF2518 },

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-02-25},

urldate = {2022-02-25},

journal = {Optometry and Contact Lenses },

issue = {Vol. 2 2022},

pages = {44-50},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: Primary objective of this study was the assessment of dry eye related subjective and objective findings of MGD patients prior and after IPL and LLLT treatment.



Material and Methods: 38 subjects with diagnosed MGD were enrolled in a prospective single center study in an optometric practice based in Wil (Switzerland). All subjects underwent IPL / LLLT treatments every 14 days from baseline until four treatments were conducted. OSDI, BCVA, IOP, NIKBUT, osmolarity, lower lid margin appearance and meibography data were captured at baseline before the first IPL/ LLLT treatment and 14 days after the last treatment. 

Pre and post OSDI score, NIKBUT and osmolarity of the right was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon rang sum test for matched pairs.



Results: OSDI score decreased significantly from 32 to 14 (p = <0.001). NIKBUT values did not increased significantly from 11.4 ± 12.4 s to 11.7 ± 5.9 (p = 0.498). Osmolarity increased significantly from 322.2 ± 12.6 mOsm/L to 327.9 ± 9.6 (p = 0.006). 26 of 38 subjects (68.4 %) were satisfied or very satisfied by this new form of therapy whereas 12 subjects (31.6 %) did not report a subjective change. 



Conclusion: The combined IPL / LLLT therapy is a promising therapy form usable in optometric and ophthalmological practices. The majority of the subjects reported subjective improvements, which were not confirmed by objective findings. Due to the high reduction of sicca symptoms and the high degree of satisfaction with the IPL / LLLT treatment, it can be stated, that an IPL / LLLT application is effective in MGD patients.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kapfelsberger2021,

title = {Ultraviolet and Visible Transmittance of Soft Contact Lenses with and without Ultraviolet Blockers},

author = {Andrea Kapfelsberger and Julia Eckstein and Anke von Ahrentschildt and Jürgen Bischoff and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

url = {https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/9000/Ultraviolet_and_Visible_Transmittance_of_Soft.97914.aspx},

doi = {10.1097/OPX.0000000000001796},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-09-30},

urldate = {2021-09-30},

journal = {Optometry and Vision Science - Journal of the American Academy of Optometry},

abstract = {Abstract



Significance: Ultraviolet (UV) and visible light transmittance of soft contact lenses (SCLs) was measured. A significant difference in UV transmittance has been found between SCLs with a positive and negative back vertex power (BVP). It can be shown that thicker SCLs absorb more UV radiation (UVR).



Purpose: To determine UV and visible light transmittance of different soft contact lenses with and without UV protection filters.



Methods:Twenty-one lens brands were investigated in the BVP range of -12.00 D to +6.00 D. Three SCLs were measured per back vertex power 25 times. 339 SCLs with UV filter (stenfilcon A, somofilcon A, narafilcon A, senofilcon A, senofilcon C, etafilcon A, nesofilcon A) and 489 SCLs without UV filter (delefilcon A, lotrafilcon A, lotrafilcon B, comfilcon A, balafilcon A, samfilcon A, asmofilcon A, nelfilcon A, omafilcon A, hilafilcon B, ocufilcon D, hioxifilcon A, omafilcon B) have been examined. The measurement setup was created according to ISO 18369-3.



Results: All UV-absorbing labeled test SCLs meet UV protection class 2. Senofilcon A, senofilcon C and narafilcon A meet the higher UV protection class 1 level. A statistically significant difference in UV transmittance (280 to 380 nm) has been found between SCLs with a positive BVP (+1.00 D to +6.00 D) and SCLs with a negative BVP (-1.00 D to -12.00 D), both without (P = .043) and with UV filters (P = .018)



Conclusions: With the ISO conforming, diopter-independent measurement setup the UV-absorbing test contact lenses that meet the current international standards, regardless of their BVP, were identified. Lenses with increased center thickness absorb more UV radiation. Further studies may use a modified measurement setup with a larger aperture than 10 mm. It would also be worthwhile to examine the ultraviolet absorption of the contact lens over the complete corneal area and limbal area, because UVR may damage inner ocular tissues like the crystalline lens as well as limbal stem cells.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marx2020b,

title = {Objective Analysis of Pre-Lens Tear Film Stability of Daily Disposable Contact Lenses Using Ring Mire Projection},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Julia Eckstein and Wolfgang Sickenberger },

url = {https://jenvis-research.com/opto-262353-objective-analysis-of-pre-lens-tear-film-stability-of-daily-2/},

doi = {10.2147/OPTO.S262353},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-20},

urldate = {2020-11-20},

journal = {Clinical Optometry},

volume = {12},

pages = {203-211},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo pre-lens non-invasive drying-up time of two types of daily disposable contact lenses (DDCLs) after 12 hours of wear. 



Methods: This prospective, randomized, single-center, cross-over pilot study evaluated 31 subjects aged 18-44 years with normal eyes and good tear film stability who were adapted current soft contact lens wearers. Subjects wore nelfilcon A and stenfilcon A DDCLs for 12 hours each on two different days. Non-invasive video keratography drying-up time (NIK-DUT) videos of each eye were recorded 12 hours after lens insertion for about 25 seconds, with a 5-minute tear film recovery time allowed between video recordings of the right and left eyes to avoid bias. Post-blink time required to reach 15% distortion of the projected rings and the speed of break-up at 15 seconds post-blink were measured at each time point and on-eye wettability was determined by ring mire projection under white light illumination. 



Results: Mean time to reach 15% ring distortion was similar for nelfilcon A (19.25±3.20 sec) and stenfilcon A (20.24±3.02 sec) DDCLs but varied highly among subjects. The mean speed of break-up at 15 sec post-blink was 0.3±0.38% distortion/sec (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.138-0.365% distortion/sec) for nelfilcon A and 0.2±0.23% distortion/sec (95% CI 0.048-0.279% distortion/sec) for stenfilcon A DDCLs. 



Conclusion: Multifunctional topography allowed the objective evaluation of in vivo pre-lens tear film stability using ring mire projection. This dynamic method was simple, fast and non-invasive, enabling measurements of NIK-DUT and evaluating wettability over a large area, greater than the optical zone of the contact lens surface, for the entire inter-blink interval.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Shows2020,

title = {Lipid Analysis on Block Copolymer–containing Packaging Solution and Lens Care Regimens: A Randomized Clinical Trial},

author = {Amanda Shows and Rachel L. Redfern and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Jennifer Swingle Fogt and Marc Schulze and Christopher Lievens and Loretta Szczotka-Flynn and Stefan Schwarz and Anna A. Tichenor and Sebastian Marx and Jessie M. Lemp-Hull},

url = {https://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Fulltext/2020/08000/Lipid_Analysis_on_Block_Copolymer_containing.7.aspx},

doi = {10.1097/OPX.0000000000001553 },

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-01},

urldate = {2020-08-01},

journal = {Optometry and Vision Science },

volume = {97},

number = {8},

pages = {565-572},

abstract = {Abstract



Significance: Lotrafilcon B lenses packaged in and cared for with block copolymer–containing (polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene; EOBO) lens care solutions resulted in lower cholesterol extraction than each of the habitual silicone hydrogel lens/multipurpose solution (MPS) regimens tested.



Purpose: This study aimed to compare the extracted cholesterol of lotrafilcon B lenses packaged in and cared for with EOBO-containing lens care solutions with the extracted cholesterol of habitual silicone hydrogel lenses cared for with MPS not containing EOBO.



Methods: In this prospective, randomized, observer-masked parallel study, habitual wearers of senofilcon C, senofilcon A, comfilcon A, and samfilcon A contact lenses using a non-EOBO MPS were randomized 1:1 to lotrafilcon B lenses packaged in and cared for with EOBO-containing solutions or to their habitual lenses and MPS. Subjects randomized to lotrafilcon B were further randomized to one of two EOBO-containing lens care solutions, OPTI-FREE PUREMOIST or CLEAR CARE PLUS with HydraGlyde (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). A subset of right eye lenses was collected after wear, and total cholesterol was extracted and measured using a fluorometric enzymatic assay.



Results: Of 143 lenses analyzed, 95 were from subjects randomized to their habitual lenses/MPS and 48 to lotrafilcon B + EOBO lenses plus CLEAR CARE PLUS with HydraGlyde or OPTI-FREE PUREMOIST. The mean amounts of cholesterol extracted from lotrafilcon B + EOBO lenses cared for with CLEAR CARE PLUS with HydraGlyde (0.28 ± 0.18 μg/lens) and OPTI-FREE PUREMOIST (0.28 ± 0.48 μg/lens) were significantly lower than those extracted from senofilcon C (4.18 ± 3.25 μg/lens), senofilcon A (2.19 ± 2.69 μg/lens), comfilcon A (2.17 ± 1.47 μg/lens), and samfilcon A (2.07 ± 1.48 μg/lens) lenses used with MPS (P < .0001 each).



Conclusion: Cholesterol sorption was significantly lower in wearers of lotrafilcon B lenses cared for with polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene–containing lens care solutions than in users of habitual silicone hydrogel lenses cared for with non–polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene MPS.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kolbe2020,

title = {Introducing a novel in vivo method to access visual performance during dewetting process of contact lens surface},

author = {Oliver Kolbe and Felix Zimmermann and Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

url = {https://jenvis-research.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Graphical-Abstract-CLAE.jpg},

doi = {10.1016/j.clae.2020.02.011},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-03-02},

urldate = {2020-03-02},

journal = {Contact Lens and Anterior Eye},

volume = {3},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: To introduce a novel in vivo method (Visual Acuity Dry Up; VADU) for testing the visual performance during the dewetting of the pre-lens tear film on a contact lens (CL).



Methods: Thirty-nine subjects were fitted with daily disposable CL (Nelfilcon A). Visual performance and dewetting characteristics of the pre-lens tear film were simultaneously assessed using a modified multifunctional topographer (Keratograph 5 M, OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, GERMANY) and the Non-Invasive Keratograph Dry-Up Time (NIKDUT) method. Measures were taken after five minutes and eight hours of CL wear and included the Visual Acuity Dry-Up Time (VADUT; time between last blink and visual breakdown) and the Visual Acuity Dry-Up Area (VADUA; dewetted CL area at visual breakdown) at one (VA+0.1logMAR), two (VA+0.2logMAR) and three (VA+0.3logMAR) log units below maximal visual acuity (VA).



Results: Participants lost one, two or three log units of VA after 13.1 ± 17.4 s, 20.83 ± 21.81, 34.67 ± 29.11 (VADUT), corresponding to a dewetted CL area of 4.82 ± 6.64 mm², 9.5 ± 8.26 and 13.0 ± 8.68 (VADUA), respectively. Differences in VADUT und VADUA for all visual requirements were significant (all p < 0.05). VADUT and VADUA did not vary with CL wear duration (all p > 0.05). A median VA loss of one log unit occurred five seconds after the first dewetting.



Conclusions: The novel VADU method can be used to analyze the role of the tear film stability on the visual performance during CL wear. Hereby, visual loss is quantified based on the threshold definition of the psychometric function.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Müller2020,

title = {Subjective Comparison of Pre-Lens Tear Film Stability of Daily Disposable Contact Lenses Using Ring Mire Projection},

author = {Christiane Müller and Sebastian Marx and Julia Wittekind and Wolfgang Sickenberger},

url = {https://jenvis-research.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/opto-235167-subjective-comparison-of-pre-lens-tear-film-stability-of-dai-1.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTO.S235167},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-02-28},

urldate = {2020-02-28},

journal = {Clinical Optometry},

volume = {2020},

number = {12},

pages = {17-26},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: To subjectively evaluate the in vivo tear film stability of three daily disposable contact lenses (DDCLs) using placido ring reflection at lens wear times of 5 mins and 8 and 12 hrs.



Patients and Methods: This prospective, randomized, observer-masked, 3-way crossover study evaluated 28 subjects with good tear film stability. In vivo tear film stability was assessed for three DDCLs (nelfilcon A, etafilcon A, omafilcon A) on three different days over 12 hrs of lens wear. Time to first distortion by non-invasive keratography drying-up time (NIK-DUTf) was assessed by reviewing the captured videos. Lens wettability was also graded subjectively by three investigators using a scale from 0 (no visible distortions) to 3 (distortions in more than one-third of the ring reflection zone). Medians were analyzed statistically.



Results: Mean NIKDUTf at 8 hrs was longer for nelfilcon A and shorter for etafilcon A and omafilcon A, but the differences were not significant. NIK-DUTf did not differ significantly among nelfilcon A, etafilcon A and omafilcon A DDCLs at all visits (p=0.36). Subjective wettability grades after 5 mins, 8 hrs, and 12 hrs differed significantly for etafilcon A (P < 0.01) and omafilcon A (p < 0.01), but not for nelfilcon A (p = 0.05), DDCLs.



Conclusion: Grading was sufficiently sensitive to differentiate the wettability performances of the three lens materials. Nelfilcon A maintained wettability over the wearing period, whereas etafilcon A material showed faster dewetting at 8 and 12 hrs than at 5 mins after lens insertion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Puckera01.1,

title = {Impact of meibomian gland width on successful contact lens use},

author = {Andrew D. Pucker and Lisa A. Jones-Jordan and Carolina M.E. Kunnen and Sebastian Marx and Daniel R. Powell and Justin T. Kwan and Sruthi Srinivasan and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Lyndon Jones},

url = {https://jenvis-research.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Impact-of-meibomian-gland-width-on-successful-contact-lens-use-5.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2019.06.004},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-12},

urldate = {2019-01-12},

journal = {Contact Lens and Anterior Eye},

volume = {42},

number = {6},

pages = {646-651},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: To evaluate meibomian gland (MG) width and determine its impact on successful contact lens (CL) use and ocular health. 



Methods: A five-site study was conducted by recruiting 18- to 45-year-old subjects who had dropped out of CLs because of discomfort. CL dropouts were compared to age- and sex-matched successful CL wearers. Right eyes were evaluated for tear break-up time, tear meniscus height, MG expressibility, meibum quality, and meibography. Central MG widths were evaluated with a custom MATLAB program. 



Results: CL dropouts (n=56) and successful CL (n=56) wearers had similar grades for upper (p=1.0) and lower (p=0.22) MG atrophy, upper (p=0.07) and lower (p=0.89) MG tortuosity, and upper (p=0.92) and lower (p=0.97) MG widths. Upper eyelid MG widths were narrower than lower eyelid MG widths (p=0.03). Upper and lower MG tortuosity (p < 0.001) and widths (p=0.03) were associated, but not atrophy (p=0.42). Lower eyelid MG widths were associated with MG expressibility (p=0.01), but MG widths were not with any other factors. 



Conclusions: Successful CL wear does not appear to be clinically influenced by MG width or other measures of MG structural integrity. Lower eyelid MGs were wider than upper eyelid MGs and narrower lower eyelid MGs were associated with worse MG expressibility, suggesting that narrower MGs may produce abnormal meibum. Data also suggests that MG factors of both eyelids should be evaluated in practice.

},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Marx2017,

title = {A novel in-vitro method for assessing contact lens surface dewetting: Non-invasive keratograph dry-up time (NIK-DUT)},

author = {Sebastian Marx and Wolfgang Sickenberger },

url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2017.05.001},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-25},

urldate = {2017-08-25},

journal = {Contact Lens and Anterior Eye},

volume = {40},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: This study was designed to develop a novel technique called non-invasive keratograph dry-up time (NIK-DUT), which used an adapted corneal topographer, to analyse in-vitro contact lens surface dewetting and the effects of combinations of lenses and lens care solutions on dewetting.



Methods: Variables were assessed to optimise sensitivity and reproducibility. To validate the method, in-vitro dewetting of silicone hydrogel contact lenses (balafilcon A, comfilcon A, lotrafilcon A, lotrafilcon B and senofilcon A) was tested. All lens types were soaked in OPTI-FREE® PureMoist® Multipurpose Disinfecting Solution (OFPM) and Sensitive Eyes® Saline Solution. The mean NIK-DUT, defined as drying of 25% of the placido ring measurement segments (NIK-DUT_S25), was calculated for each lens/lens solution combination and a visual map constructed representing the time and location of the dry-up event.



Results: Optimal conditions for NIK-DUT measurement included mounting onto a glass stage with a surface geometry of r = 8.5 mm, e = 0, and measuring with high intensity red or white illumination. This method detected significant differences in contact lens dewetting with different lens soaking solutions. NIK-DUT_S25 for all lenses was longer when pre-soaked in OFPM versus saline. Visual analysis showed that dewetting of contact lenses was not uniform across surfaces and differed between test solutions.



Conclusions: NIK-DUT is suitable for detecting differences in dewetting among various contact lenses and lens-care combinations. NIK-DUT can quantify the dewetting of large areas of lens surfaces with little subjective influence. Lens care solutions containing surface-active wetting agents were found to delay surface dewetting of silicone hydrogel lenses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sickenberger2017,

title = {Eins, Zwei, Drei – A German's perspective on dry eye numbers in the world},

author = {Wolfgang Sickenberger},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2016.12.005},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-02-01},

urldate = {2017-02-01},

journal = {Contact Lens and Anterior Eye},

volume = {40},

pages = {1-2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pucker.2015,

title = {Associations with Meibomian Gland Atrophy in Daily Contact Lens Wearers},

author = {Andrew D. Pucker and Lisa A. Jones-Jordan and Wing Li and Justin T. Kwan and Meng C. Lin and Wolfgang Sickenberger and Sebastian Marx and Sruthi Srinivasan and Lyndon W. Jones

},

url = {http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2015&issue=09000&article=00012&type=abstract

https://jenvis-research.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Bo_Lauenborg.jpg},

doi = {10.1097/OPX.0000000000000650},

issn = {1040-5488},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-09-01},

urldate = {2015-09-01},

journal = {Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry},

volume = {92},

number = {9},

pages = {e206-13},

abstract = {Abstract



Purpose: To determine associations for contact lenses (CLs) and meibomian gland atrophy in a matched-pair study. 



Methods: Contact lens wearers (case) and age- and sex-matched non-contact lens (NCL) wearers with no history of CL use (control) were recruited for a multicenter study. All subjects were administered the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and a comprehensive battery of clinical tests (e.g., tear breakup time, bulbar and limbal redness, meibography, etc.) were performed. Upper and lower eyelid meibomian gland atrophy were graded with both digital meibography (percent gland atrophy) and visual meiboscore methods. Conditional logistic regression analyses were then used to determine relationships among CL use, meibomian gland atrophy, and ocular surface signs and symptoms. 



Results: A total of 70 matched pairs were analyzed. The mean (+/- SD) age of the CL group was 30.6 (+/- 12.4) years, and that of the NCL group was 30.1 (+/- 12.2) years. The subjects were 63% female. The association between CL wear and meiboscore was not significant univariately, but the best-fitting multivariate regression model showed that higher meiboscores were associated with being a CL wearer (odds ratio [OR], 2.45) in a model that included eyelid margin erythema (OR, 0.25) and lissamine green staining (OR, 1.25). Percent gland atrophy was not associated with CL wear in regression analysis (p = 0.31). 



Conclusion: This study determined inconclusive associations with CLs and meibomian gland atrophy. This study also provided a comprehensive assessment of differences between CL and NCL wearers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}